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Modern yacht with laminate sails.
Sails have been made from cloth for all of recorded history. Typically sails were made from flax (linen), hemp or cotton in various forms including canvas. However, modern sails are rarely made from natural fibers. Most sails are made from synthetic fibers ranging from low-cost nylon or polyester to expensive aramids or carbon fibers. Recent strides in technology now offer many options for the sailmaker.
Contents
1 History
2 Modern Fibers
2.1 Nylon
2.2 Polyester (PET)
2.3 PEN fiber (Pentex)
2.4 Kevlar
2.5 Technora
2.6 Twaron
2.7 Spectra
2.8 Dyneema
2.9 Certran
2.10 Zylon (PBO)
2.11 Vectran
2.12 Carbon Fiber
3 Weaving
4 Films
4.1 PET
4.2 PEN Film
5 Scrim & Strands
6 Laminated sailcloth
6.1 Woven-Film-Woven
6.2 Film-Scrim-Film or Film-Insert-Film (Film-on-Film)
6.3 Woven-Film-Scrim-Film-Woven
6.4 Woven/Scrim/Woven
7 References
8 See also
//
History
Volunteer wins the America's Cup in 1887 with cotton sails
Doek is Dutch for cloth, which was evolved into the English word uck in reference to sail canvas. Duck was typically made from cotton or linen (flax), with some use of hemp. These natural fibers have poor resistance to rot, UV light and water absorption. Linen is stronger, but cotton is lighter. Linen was the traditional fiber of sails until it was supplanted by cotton during the 19th century. At first cotton was used as a matter of necessity in the United States as it was indigenous and the supply of flax was periodically interrupted by wars such as the War of 1812, during which demand for sailcloth for military use was high. As sail size grew linen was too heavy to be practical so cotton became more popular. Cotton did not substantially replace linen worldwide until the end of the age of sail; however, in some cases the strength of linen was preferred for some types of sails. It was not until the late 20th century that natural fibers were replaced by synthetics in mainstream use. Cotton sailcloth is still used for sportswear, upholstery and draperies. The traditional width for carded cotton sailcloth in the US was 23 inches (58 cm) while the British standard was 24 inches (61 cm).
Modern Fibers
The characteristics of a sail are due to design, construction and the attributes of the fibers, which are woven together to make the sail cloth. The following sections discuss the attributes of fibers assuming a good design and careful construction. There are six key factors in evaluating a fiber for suitability in weaving a sail-cloth:
Modulus (of elasticity): stretch resistance per weight. Higher is better for upwind sails.
Tensile strength or tenacity: breaking strength per weight. Higher is better for sails.
Creep, which describes the long term stretch of a fiber or fabric. A material with creep may have a superior modulus, but lose its shape over time.
UV (ultra violet) Resistance: strength loss from exposure to the Sun UV rays measured by a standardized exposure test..
Flex Loss: Strength lost due to bending, folding, or flogging, which is frequently measured with an industry standard 50 fold test.
Cost of the material
There is no perfect solution since in most cases the increase of one attribute generally results in the decreased attractiveness of another. Reduced stretch generally also reduces the flexibility causing a trade-off of performance for durability. Solving both problems generally sends the price out of range for most sailors.
Nylon
colorful nylon spinnaker, where strength and light weight are important.
Nylon is used in spinnakers because of its light weight, high tensile strength, superior abrasion resistance and flexibility. However, it has a low modulus allowing too much stretch to be suitable for upwind sails. Nylon is more susceptible to UV and chemical degradation than polyesters and its physical properties can change due to moisture absorption.
Polyester (PET)
Polyethylene terephthalate, the most common type of polyester, is the most common fiber used in sailcloth; it is also commonly referred to by the brand name Dacron. PET has excellent resiliency, high abrasion resistance, high UV resistance, high flex strength and low cost. Low absorbency allows the fiber to dry quickly. PET has been replaced by stronger fibers for most serious racing applications, but remains the most popular sail cloth due to lower price and high durability. Dacron is the brand name of Dupont Type 52 high modulus fiber made specifically for sailcloth. Allied Signal has produced a fiber called 1W70 polyester that has a 27% higher tenacity than Dacron. Other trade names include Terylene, Tetoron, Trevira and Diolen..
PEN fiber...(and so on)
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